Passive Present Participles (pprp)
Passive Present Participles (pprp)¶
√labh 1 a (get)
| base | labha | |
| pr | labhati | he gets, obtains |
| prp | labhanta | getting; obtaining |
| pass.pr | labbhati | it is got, is obtained |
| pass.prp | labbhanta | being got; being obtained |
How To Form Passive Present Participles (pprp)¶
root + ya / iya / īya > passive base
passive base + māna > passive present participle
√muc 2 ṃa (release, free)
| base | muñca | √muc + ṃa |
| pr | muñcati | he frees; releases |
| prp | muñcanta muñcamāna |
freeing; releasing |
| passive base | mucca muñcīya |
√muc + ya √muc + ṃa + īya |
| pass pr | muccati muñcīyati |
is freed; is released |
| pass prp | muccanta muccamāna |
being freed; being released |
[Additionally], in poetry, some passive verbs take different verbal endings, called the attanopada lit. “word for oneself”
All verbal endings that you have dealt with thus far have been parassapada “word for another”.
| parassapada | attanopada | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd | ti | nti | te | nte |
| 2nd | si | tha | se | vhe |
| 1st | āmi | āma | e | āmhe |
In English, these are called reflexive verbs, or the middle voice.
They are literally translated as he himself, they themselves etc.
This form of the verb, while common in Sanskrit, has mostly died out in Pāli prose, but it is still commonly used in idioms and verse.
Now, this idea, introduced only lightly at this stage, will be fully explored in the Intermediate Pāli Course.
Specifically, it will be explained that every verb you’ve learned so far has both an attanopada and parassapada endings.