Causative Passive Verbs
Causative Passive Verbs¶
Just to really mess with your minds, you can combine causative and passive verbs together.
The causative verb means “he causes to do”.
The causative passive verb means "it is caused to be done" or, more rarely, "he causes it to be done," depending on the context.
They are formed by adding the passive suffixes -ya -iya or -īya onto the causative base
or, much more rarely, adding a causative suffix to a passive base (vibhajjeti > √bhaj + ya + *e)
Here are some examples
√ṭhā･1 a (stand)
| √ṭhā + ṭhā + a | tiṭṭha | tiṭṭhati | stands |
| √ṭhā + *āpe | ṭhāpe > ṭhape | ṭhapeti | sets aside; lit. causes to stand |
| ṭhape + īya | ṭhāpīya > ṭhapiyya | ṭhapiyyati | is kept; is set aside; lit. is caused to stand |
VIN1.4.2.8 āyasmato upanandassa sakyaputtassa paṭiviso ṭhapiyyati.
More Participles¶
What are the different participles we have discussed so far?
1. active present participle. e.g. karonta
2. (passive) past participle e.g. kata
3. passive present participle e.g. kariyamāna
Causative Passive Present Participles (caus pprp)¶
Please review How To Form Passive Present Participles (pprp) in the previous class.
root + ya / iya / īya > passive base
passive base + māna > passive present participle
bhū 1 a (be)
| base | bhava | |
| pr | bhavati | he is, it exists |
| prp | bhavamāna bhavanta |
being, existing |
| caus base | bhāve bhāvaya |
|
| caus pr | bhāveti bhāvayati |
he causes to be, develops |
| caus prp | bhāventa bhāvayanta bhāvayamāna |
causing to be, developing |
| caus pass base | bhāviya | |
| caus pass pr | bhāvīyati | it is caused to be; it is developed |
| caus pprp | bhāviyamāna | being caused to be; being developed |
How To Form Causative Passive Present Participle¶
√root + *e / *aya / *āpe / *āpaya > causative base
causative base + ya / iya / īya > causative passive base
Don't worry, that's probably the trickiest construction in the entire Pāli language. There are very few of them in the Tipiṭaka.
AN3.36 devadūtasuttaṃ
ambho purisa, na tvaṃ addasa manussesu itthiṃ vā purisaṃ vā ābādhikaṃ dukkhitaṃ bāḷhagilānaṃ, sake muttakarīse palipannaṃ semānaṃ, aññehi vuṭṭhāpiyamānaṃ, aññehi saṃvesiyamānaṃ iti?
Good man, did you not see among humans a woman or man, sick, afflicted, seriously ill, lying immersed in their own urine and excrement, being caused to stand up by others, and being caused to enter (a bed) by others?
√ṭhā (stand)
ud + √tḥā + *āpe > vuṭṭhāpe (caus) + iya + māna
√vis (enter)
saṃ + √vis + *e > saṃvese (caus) + iya + māna