avuddhika / guṇa / vuḍḍhi

avuddhika / guṇa / vuḍḍhi¶

(weak / strengthened / lengthened)

(weak / medium / strong)

There are some very common changes in vowel sounds that are worth remembering.

a > ā

√dhar 8 *e (wear, hold, carry)

dhar + *e > dhāre

dhāre + ti > dhāreti

i > e

√i 1 a (come)

i + a > e

e + ti > eti (he comes)

√vid 8 *e (know, sense, feel)

vid + *e > vede

vede + ti > vedeti (he feels)

ī > e

√sī 1 a (lie, sleep)

sī + a > se

se + ti > seti (he sleeps)

ī > ay

√bhī 1 a (fear) > bhī + a > bhaya

bhaya + ti > bhayati (he fears)

u > o

√cud 8 *e (impel, accuse)

cud + *e > code

code + ti > codeti (he blames)

√ruc 1 *e (shine, like)

ruc + *e > roce (caus)

ā + roce + ti > āroceti (he explains)

ū > av > āv

√bhū 1 a (be) > bhū + a > bhava > bhāva (state)

bhava + ti > bhavati (it is)

Here’s another word in all three grades

weak	strong	long
√su (hear)	sota (ear)	sāvaka (hearer)
	savana (hearing)

ṛ > ar > ār

√sṛ (Sanskrit root; ‘flow’) > √sar + a > sara (base)

saṃ + sara + ti > saṃsarati (he wanders on; lit. flows together)

saṃ + √sar + *a > saṃsāra

√kṛ (Sanskrit root, ‘make’) > √kar (do) > karo

karo + ti > karoti > (he does, makes)

These changes are very common in all areas of Pāli grammar and worth learning by heart.