Abbreviations

Abbreviations

abbrev	meaning	pāli	example	explanation
3	declined in all three gender
･	root has verbs which are derived from it
()	letters deleted from construction		√dhā > (da)h + ita > hita
[]	letters added to construction		pari + [y] + √i > āy + *a > pariyāya
*	vuddhi or vowel strengthening takes place	vuḍḍhi	√bhū + *e > bhāve
×	root has no verbs which are derived from it
>	indicates morphological change occurs	āpajjate	√ñā + nā > jānā
√	root symbol	dhātu	√bhū 1 a (to be)	A root is the irreducible core meaning of a word, stripped of all affixes
◑	word data is partially complete with a meaning in context but minimal other information.
✔	word data is complete with contextual meaning, grammar, sutta example and other relevant information.
✘	word data is still under construction.
1st	first person	uttama; uttamapurisa	mayaṃ - pron 1st nom sg of ahaṃ	I; we
2nd	second person	majjhima; majjhimapurisa	ehi - verb imp 2nd sg from eti	you; you all
3rd	third person	paṭhama; paṭhamapurisa	hontu - verb imp 3rd pl from hoti	he; they
abbrev	abbreviation
abhi	Abhidhamma			The meaning is mostly limited to Abhidhamma texts.
abl	ablative case	pañcamī, apādanavacana, avadhi, apādāna, nissakka	tato - pron, abl sg of ta	generally showing separation (from, away from) (e.g. from that)
abs	absolutive verb	avyaya, pubbakicca	upasaṅkamitvā; katvā	A verb, often a combination of having + past participle, expressing completed action (e.g. having approached; having made)
abstr	abstract noun		abyāpāda - masc abstr	A concept or idea not associated with any specific instance or any concrete thing (e.g. friendliness)
acc	accusative case	dutiyā, upayogavacana, kammavacana	maṃ - pron, 1st acc sg	the object of the sentence (e.g. me)
act	action noun, process noun		pahāna - nt act	A noun describing the act or process of doing something (e.g the abandoning, the seeing)
adj	adjective	guṇavacana	pāpaka; kalyāṇa; anicca	A word that expresses an attribute of something; usually qualify a noun (e.g. bad, good, impermanent)
adv	adverb	kriyāvisesana	idha - ind adv	The word class that qualifies verbs or clauses (e.g. here)
agent	agent noun	kattar; kattukāraka; kattuvācakapada	bhāsitar; cora; sāvaka	A person who does the action of the verbal root (e.g. speaker; thief; hearer)
aor	aorist verb	ajjatanī; atītakāla	ahosi; nisīdi; udapādi	A form of a verb that, in the indicative mood, expresses past action. (e.g. was; sat down; arose)
app	active past participle		bhuttāvī; dassāvī	e.g. who has eaten; who has seen
base	pronominal base	liṅga	ta; ima; ya; kaci	e.g. that, this, which, someone
bsk	Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit
card	cardinal number	saṅkhyāpadhāna	cattāro; pañca; eka	The number of elements in a mathematical set; denotes a quantity but not the order (e.g. four, five; one)
caus	causative verb	kārita; hetvatthakriyā	bhāveti; samādapeti; paññapeti	Causative verbs indicate that one person causes another person to do something. (e.g. causes to become; encourages; causes to know)
comm	commentary meaning			English summary from the commentary definition
comp	compound	samāsa	yathābhūta; gahapati; sikkhāpada	When two or more words are combined to form a single unit
comp vb	compound verb		etadavoca; manasikaroti; pāturahosi	When verb is combined with another word(s) to form a single unit
compar	comparative adjective		anuttara; purima; paṇītatara	The comparative form of an adjective (e.g. higher, earlier, more sublime)
comps	in compounds, word is only found as an element within compounds
cond	conditional mood	kālātipatti; sattamī	abhavissa; agamissa	Imposing or depending on or containing a condition (e.g. if would be; if could have been; would have gone)
conj	conjunction			Particle that joins or connects
cs	conjugational sign
dat	dative case	catutthī, sampadānavacana	hitāya - noun, nt dat sg of hita	showing the object or person to or for whom something is given or done. (to; for) (e.g. for the benefit)
deno	denominative verb
derog	derogatory
desid	desiderative verb	tumicchattha
dial	dialectical, non Indo-Aryan word		dhāropa; māḷa	Vocabulary that is characteristic of a specific group of people or specific place
dimin	diminutive noun		dāraka; phusitaka; kuṭikā	A word that is formed with a suffix (such as -let or -ing) to indicate smallness (e.g. booklet, droplet)
ditrans	ditransitive verb	dvikammaka	pucchati; yācati	A verb (or verb construction) that takes two objects in the accusative case. (e.g. asks someone for something)
emph	emphatic particle		eva; kho; have	Express some emphasis or stress something (e.g. only; just; indeed)
excl	exclamation		aho; abbhutaṃ; ambho	Expressing spontaneous feelings, reactions or make the sentences stronger. Sometimes used to attract attention. (e.g. oh no! most certainly! wonderful! hey!)
fem	feminine noun	itthī; itthiliṅga	āpatti; vedanā; bhikkhunī
fut	future tense	bhavissantī; anāgatakāla	bhavissati; gamissati; assasissati	A verb tense that expresses actions or states in the future
gen	genitive case	chaṭṭhī, sāmivacana, sambandha	me - pron, 1st gen sg of ahaṃ	showing possession (of 's) (e.g. my, mine)
gen abs	genitive absolute construction		me sato; tassa jānato passato	When a noun or a pronoun in the genitive case is used with a participle in the same case as itself, the construction is called genitive absolute. It can be translated as when, while, since, or as. Sometimes it also has the meaning of since, although, even if, despite, in spite of, notwithstanding.
ger	gerund	avyaya; bhāvapada	upasampajja; pahāya; ādāya	A verb (or verbal adjective), often ending in -ing, expressing ongoing action (eg. doing; making; going). Also some time can be translated with a combination of having + past participle, expressing completed action (e.g. having approached; having made).
gram	grammatical term, technical term		padasandhi
idiom	idiomatic expression	bhāsārītyanugata	app'eva nāma	A manner of speaking that is natural to native speakers of a language or an expression whose meanings cannot be inferred from the meanings of the words that make it up
imp	imperative mood	pañcamī; idānaṃ	gaccha; atthu; hotu	Mood that expresses an intention to influence the listener's behavior or expresses wish. (e.g. begone! may there be! may it be!)
imperf	imperfect past tense	hiyyattanī; hīyattanī	addasā; ahuvā; accagamā	Past tense which is used for events which happened before yesterday, but were seen by the speaker.
impers	impersonal	bhāva	paṭibhāti; kappati	Not relating to or responsive to individual persons (e.g. it occurs (to); it is suitable (for))
in comps	in compounds, word is only found as an element within compounds		anupassī; paṭisaṃvedī	Usually acts as part of a compoun
ind	indeclinable	nipāta; avyaya	api; pana; atha	It does not have declensions or conjugations.
inf	infinitive verb	tumanta; avyaya	kātuṃ; pahātuṃ; carituṃ	The uninflected form of the verb. It most commonly expresses a purpose.
instr	instrumental case	tatiyā, karaṇavacana	mayā - pron 1st instr sg of ahaṃ	shows the object or person with or by whom something is performed. (by, with or through) (e.g. by me, with me)
intens	intensive verb		caṅkamati; jaṅgamati	Also called Frequentative Verbs, express the frequent repetition or the intensification of the action denoted by the simple root.
interr	interrogative pronoun	pucchāsabhāva	kiṃ; kissa; kittaka	Has the nature of asking a question. (who? how? perhaps? how many?)
intrans	intransitive verb	akammaka; akammagāhī	hoti; ujjhāyati; vijjati	A verb (or verb construction) that does not take an object in the accusative case. sometimes they take what appears to be an object in another case. (e.g. there is; is conducive to)
irreg	irregular conjugation or declension		kammunā - noun, nt instr sg of kamma, irreg	Differs from the usual, generally accepted patterns of conjugation or declension.
lit	literal meaning			Limited to the explicit meaning of a word or parts from which the word has been constructed.
loc	locative case	sattamī, bhummavacana, okāsa, ādhāra	amhesu - pron, 1st loc pl of ahaṃ	showing place (in, on, at, among) (e.g. in us; among us)
loc abs	locative absolute construction		asante hārake; atthaṅgate sūriye	When a noun or a pronoun in the locative case is used with a participle in the same case as itself, the construction is called locative absolute. It can be translated as when, while, since, or as.
masc	masculine noun	puma; pulliṅga	bhikkhu; dhamma; loka
matr	matronymic		sāriputta; mantāṇiputta; vedehiputta	A name derived from a maternal ancestor (e.g. son of Sāri; son of Mantāṇī; son of Vedehi)
neg	negative	avya sadda	na	express negation or opposite meaning
neut	neuter noun
nom	nominative case	paṭhamā, paccattavacana	tuvaṃ - pron, 2nd nom sg of tvaṃ	The category of nouns serving as the grammatical subject of a verb
noun	noun, substantive	nāma; nāmanāma	samaṇa; purisa; paṭipadā	A content word that can be used to refer to a person, place, thing, quality, or action; the word class that can serve as the subject or object of a verb, the object of a preposition, or in apposition (e.g. recluse; man; method)
nt	neuter noun	napuṃsaka; napuṁsakaliṅga	citta, rūpa, viññāṇa
onom	onomatopoeia		capucapu, sū, surusuru	Using words that imitate the sound they denote
opt	optative mood	sattamī	siyā; gaccheyya; uddiseyya	A mood that expresses a wish, probability, advice or capability; expressed in English by modal verbs (should / could / may / might)
ordin	ordinal number	saṅkhyāpūraṇa	paṭhama; dutiya; tatiya	The number designating place in an ordered sequence (e.g. first; second; third)
pass	passive verb	kamma; kammakāraka	pahīyati; vuccati; paññāyati	The voice used to indicate that the grammatical subject of the verb is the recipient (not the source) of the action denoted by the verb (e.g. is abandoned; is said; is clearly known)
patr	patronymic		kassapa; bhāradvāja; kaccāna	A name derived from a paternal ancestor (e.g. descendant of Kassapa; descended from Bharadvāja; descendant of Kati)
perf	perfect past tense	parokkhā	āha; āhaṃsu; pāva	express something that happened a long time ago, a completed action, something you personally did not witness.
pl	plural number	bahuvacana	tumhe - pron, 2nd nom pl of tvaṃ	The form of a word that is used to denote more than one
pos	part of speech	pada		One of the traditional categories of words intended to reflect their functions in a grammatical context
pp	past participle	krudanta	vutta; nisinna; suta	Verbal adjective which describes the action that a noun did (in the past) (e.g. have said; have seated; have heard)
pr	present tense	vattamānā; vattamānakāla	viharati; uppajjati; passati	A verb tense that expresses actions or states at the time of speaking (e.g. lives; appears; sees)
prefix	prefix	upasagga	ā-; abhi-; nī-	An affix that is added in front of the word
prep	preposition	nipāta; avyaya	saddhiṃ; purato; anto	A function word that combines with a noun or pronoun or noun phrase to form a prepositional phrase that can have an adverbial or adjectival relation to some other word (e.g. with; in front (of); within)
prk	Prakrit			Any of the vernacular indic languages of north and central india (as distinguished from sanskrit) recorded from the 3rd century BC to the 4th century AD
pron	pronoun, pronominal adjective	sabbanāma	so; etaṃ; añña; sabba	A function word that is used in place of a noun or noun phrase (he; this; another; all)
prp	present participle	missakiriya	passanta; viharanta; jānanta	Verbal adjective, which describes the action that a noun is doing. (seeing; dwelling; knowing)
ptp	potential participle, future passive participle	kicca	karaṇīya; veditabba; sikkhitabba	Verbal adjectives, they give more information about the noun they are describing. (e.g. ought to be done; can be known; should be practised)
reflx	reflexive verb		karomase; sikkhassu; bhāvayate	The reflexive voice contains the idea of an action coming back to the person who did the action, i.e. reflecting back to the doer. Reflexive verbs can be translated into English with a reflexive pronoun. (he himself, they themselves etc.)
sandhi	sandhi compound		evaṃ + eva > evam'eva	It refers to the changes that take place when the different parts of the speech are joined together.
sg	singular number	ekatta; ekavacana	ajjhattaṃ - ind, adv, comp, acc sg of ajjhatta	The form of a word that is used to denote one in number
sk	Sanskrit
suffix	suffix	paccaya	-ima; -tama; -dhā	an affix that is added at the end of the word
superl	superlative adjective		pacchima; pāpiṭṭha; antima	increasing meaning of something; expresses a sense of the ‘most’ of something. (examples: lowest; highest)
trans	transitive verb	sakammaka	karoti; vadati; gacchati	A verb (or verb construction) that requires an object in the accusative case. (e.g. makes something; says to; goes to)
vb	verb	kriyapada, ākhyāta	pajānāti; upasaṅkami; carati	The word class that serves as the predicate of a sentence
ve	verbal ending
voc	vocative case	āmantaṇavacana, ālapanavacana, sambodhana	āvuso - ind, voc sg and pl	Addressing form
wrt	with regard to
x	no gender		pañca - card, x pl	Word does not have any specific gender