Phonetic changes

Phonetic changes

Phonetic changes of -y-

This is by far the most common type of phonetic change and occurs with the formation of passive verbs, verbs of the 3rd conjugation, gerunds, and numerous derived nouns.

Often a part of speech ending in -i can change to -y and then these same rules apply.

How is ya used to form group 3 & passive verbs?

How is ya used to form potential particles?

How is ya used to form gerunds?

How is ya used to form group 3 & passive verbs?

√root + ya > base

prefixes + base + verbal ending > verb

√chid (to cut) + ya > chijja

chijja + ti > chijjati (it is cut)

√muc (to free) + ya > mucca

mucca + ti > muccati (is freed)

How is ya used to form potential particles?

prefixes + √root + ya > ptp

	√guh	(to hide)	+ ya	guyha	could be hidden
a + saṃ	√kup	(to shake)	+ ya	asaṃkuppa	could not be shaken
	√vadh	(to kill)	+ ya	vajjha	could be killed

How is ya used to form gerunds?

prefixes + √root + ya > gerund

ā	√gam	(to go)	+ ya	āgamma	arriving
vi	√sajj	(to relinquish)	+ ya	visajja	releasing

k + y > kk

√sak + ya	sakka	adj. able; capable

c + y > cc

vi + √vic + ya	vivicca	ger. separating
√muc + ya + ti	muccati	pr. is free

j + y > jj

vi + √bhaj + ya	vibhajja	ger. analysing in detail
√rāj + ya	rajja	nt. rulership

t + y > cc

saṃ + √cit + ya	sañcicca	adv. intentionally
ud + √dhar + ta + ya	uddhacca	nt. agitation
ni + √pat + ya	nipacca	ger. falling down
santa > sat + ya	sacca	nt. truth

th + y > cch

√kath + ya	kaccha	ptp. should be said
tatha + ya	taccha	adj. truthful
ratha + yā	racchā	fem. carriage road

d + y > jj

√mad + ya	majja	nt. intoxicant
upa + saṃ + √pad + ya	upasampajja	ger. reaching
√bhid + ya + ti	bhijjati	pr. is broken
√chid + ya + ti	chijjati	pr. is cut off

dh + y > jjh

ati + √vidh + ya	ativijjha	ger. completely penetrating
√budh + ya + ti	bujjhati	pr. knows
vi + √rudh + ya + ti	virujjhati	pr. is obstructed

n + y > ññ

√jan + ya + a	jañña	adj. well born
√man + ya + ti	maññati	pr. thinks
√han + ya + ti	haññati	pr. is killed

p + y > pp

√rup + ya + ti	ruppati	pr. is broken
√tap + ya + ti	tappati	pr. is burnt
√dīp + ya + ti	dippati	pr. shines

bh + y > bbh

ā + √rabh + ya	ārabbha	ger. beginning with
√labh + ya + ti	labbhati	pr. is obtained
√lubh + ya + ti	lubbhati	pr. is greedy

m + y > mm

upa + saṃ + √kam + ya	upasaṅkamma	ger. approaching
ā + √gam + ya	āgamma	ger. coming
√sam + ya + ti	sammati	pr. is calm

l + y > ll

√kal + ya	kalla	adj. proper
√jal + ya	jalla	nt. mud

v + y > bb

√div + ya + ti	dibbati	pr. shines
√siv + ya + ti	sibbati	pr. sews

s + y > ss

abhi + ni + √vis + ya	abhinivissa	ger. attaching
√dis + ya + ti	dissati	pr. is seen
√dus + ya + ti	dussati	pr. misbehaves
√kilis + ya + ti	kilissati	pr. is impure
√mus + ya + ti	mussati	pr. forgets

h + y > yh

upa + √nah + ya + ti	upanayhati	pr. binds onto
a + vi + √sah + ya	avisayha	ptp. not to be overcome
√gah + ya + ti	gayhati	pr. is grasped