Tappurisa-samāsa or Case Compounds

Tappurisa-samāsa or Case Compounds¶

“madhouse”

Kaccāyana 326. ubhe tappurisā.

327. am’ādayo parapadebhi.

In these compounds, the first member is in any case (except nominative and vocative) qualifying the second member.

tappurisa is an example of a tappurisa compound

tassa + purisa > ta + purisa > tappurisa (his man)

1. In most examples, the case ending of the first member is elided. In a few rare cases, it is not.

2. The long ā of such words as rājā, mātā, pitā, bhātā, etc, is shortened in the first member.

3. Generally, a tappurisa follows the gender of the last member.

dutiyā-tappurisa (accusative case)¶

araññaṃ gato > araññagato (gone to the forest)

adinnaṃ ādāna > adinnādāna (taking what is not given)

sampajānaṃ kārī > sampajānakārī (lit. making clear awareness)

sotaṃ āpanna > sotāpanna (lit. entered the stream)

tatiyā tappurisa (instrumental case)¶

buddhena bhāsito > buddhabhāsito (spoken by the Buddha)

viññūhi garahito > viññugarahito (blamed by the wise)

attanā danta > attadanta (tamed by oneself)

brahmunā datta > brahmadatta (given by god)

kavīhi kata > kavikata (made by poets)

catutthī tappurisa (dative case)¶

kathinassa dussaṃ > kathinadussaṃ (cloth for the Kathina)

rañño arahaṃ > rājārahaṃ (worthy for the King)

lokassa anukampā > lokānukampā (compassion for the world)

mukhassa + udaka > mukhodaka (water for face)

all compounds with infinitive/dative + kāma are in this category

jīvituṃ kāma > jīvitukāma (wishing to live)

gantuṃ kāmo > gantukāmo (wanting to go)

aññātuṃ kāma > aññātukāma (wanting to know)

bhottuṃ kamyatā > bhottukamyatā (desire to eat)

cāvetuṃ kāma > cāvetukāma (wanting to distract)

compounds with infinitive + kāma may be called tuṃpaccaya tappurisa in some grammar books.

pañcamī tappurisa (ablative case)¶

danger of, separation from, freedom from etc.

yogasmā + khemo > yogakkhemo (freedom from bondage)

hetunā samuppanna > hetusamuppanna (arisen from cause)

vivekasmā + ja > vivekaja (born from seclusion)

udakā + anuggata > udakānuggata (not risen out of the water)

chaṭṭhī tappurisa (genitive case)¶

most common

rañño kumāra > rājakumāra (son of the King)

buddhassa sāvako > buddhasāvako (disciple of the Buddha)

ādiccassa bandhu > ādiccabandhu (relative of the sun)

āsavānaṃ khaya > āsavakkhaya (destruction of the defilements)

bhikkhūnaṃ + saṅgho > bhikkhusaṅgho (assembly of monks)

sattāmī tappurisa (locative case)¶

araññe vāso > araññavāso (living in the forest)

gāme vāsī > gāmavāsī (living in a village = villager)

guhe āsaya > guhāsayaṃ (resting in a cave)

bhūmasmiṃ + ṭha > bhūmaṭṭha (standing on the ground)

dhamme rato > dhammarato (enjoying in the teaching)

indriyesu saṃvara > indriyasaṃvara (restraint in the faculties)

alutta tappurisa (not elided case)¶

In a few cases the case ending is not elided

alutta dutiyā tappurisa - accusative (most common)

atthaṃ + gama > atthaṅgama (lit. going home)

pabhaṃ kara > pabhaṅkara (lit. light maker)

sabbaṃ jaha > sabbañjaha (giving up everything)

dūraṃ gama > dūraṅgama (going far)

alutta tatiyā tappurisa - instrumental

vaḷavābhi + ratha > vaḷavābhiratha (chariot [drawn] by mares)

antakena + adhipanna > antakenādhipanna (seized by death)

alutta catutthī tappurisa - dative

parassa padaṃ > parassapadaṃ (lit. word for another = active voice)

attano pada > attanopada (lit. word for oneself = reflexive voice)

satthu + gārava > satthugārava (respect for the teacher)

alutta pañcamī tappurisa - ablative

bandhanā + mokkha > bandhanāmokkha (release from imprisonment)

alutta chaṭṭhī tappurisa - genitive

devānaṃ indo > devānamindo (lord of the devas)

buddhānaṃ uppāda > buddhānamuppāda (arising of buddhas)

dukkhassa anta > dukkhassanta (end of suffering)

alutta sattamī tappurisa - locative

manasi + kāro > manasikāro (making in mind = attention)

majjhe + kalyāṇāṇaṃ > majjhekalyāṇaṃ (beneficial in the middle)