Causative Passive Verbs

Causative Passive Verbs

Just to really mess with your minds (again), you can combine causative and passive verbs together.

the causative verb means “he causes to do”

the causative passive means "it is caused to be done" or, more rarely, "he causes (it) to be done," depending on the context.

They are formed by adding the passive suffix -ya -iya or -īya onto the causative base

root + (*e | *aya | *āpe | *āpāya) + (ya | iya | īya)

(or rarely)

root + (ya | iya | īya) + (*e | *aya | *āpe | *āpāya)

Here are some sutta examples

√ñā (to know)

√ñā + nā	jānā	pajānāti	he knows
√ñā + *āpe	ñāpē	paññāpeti	he teaches; causes to know
√ñā + *āpe + iya	ñāpiya	paññāpiyati	is caused to be known

bhagavatā sikkhāpade paññāpiyamāne bhikkhusaṅghe

“when the training rules were being regulated (lit. being caused to be known) in the community of monks by the Buddha”

√his (to hurt, harm)

√his + ṃa	hiṃsa	vihiṃsati	he hurts
√his + *e	hese	viheseti	he harasses; causes to hurt
√his + *e + iya	hesiya	vihesiyati	is caused to be harmed

app'eva nāma tumhehi akkosiyamānānaṃ paribhāsiyamānānaṃ rosiyamānānaṃ vihesiyamānānaṃ siyā cittassa aññathattaṃ MN50

Hopefully there would be a change of mind for (them) being verbally abused, insulted, annoyed (being caused to be angry) and troubled (being caused to be harmed) by you.

√ṭhā (to stand)

√ṭhā + a	tiṭṭha	uttiṭṭhati	he stands up
√ṭhā + *āpe	ṭhāpe	uṭṭhāpeti	he makes stand up
√ṭhā + *āpe + iya	ṭhāpiya	uṭṭhāpiyati	is caused to stand up

ambho purisa, na tvaṃ addasa manussesu itthiṃ vā purisaṃ vā ābādhikaṃ dukkhitaṃ bāḷhagilānaṃ, sake muttakarīse palipannaṃ semānaṃ, aññehi vuṭṭhāpiyamānaṃ, aññehi saṃvesiyamānanti?

My good man did you not see among men, a man or a woman very ill, suffering, extremely sick, sleeping immersed in their own urine and excrement, being made to stand up and being put to bed (being caused to enter) by others?

√bhū (to be)

√bhū + a	bhava	bhavati	he is; becomes
√bhū + *e	bhāve	bhāveti	he causes to be; causes to become
√bhū + *e + īya	bhāvīya	bhāvīyati	is caused to be = is developed

cattārome, bhikkhave, kālā sammā bhāviyamānā sammā anuparivattiyamānā anupubbena āsavānaṃ khayaṃ pāpenti

Monks, these four times being well developed, being well rotated, cause one to gradually reach the destruction of the defilements.

Irregular Causative Passive Bases

√ṭhā	to stand	*āpe + īya	ṭhapiyya	ṭhapiyyati	is set aside; lit. is caused to stand
√sad	to sink, sit	*āpe + īya	sīdāpīya	nisīdāpīyati	causes to be seated
√ñā	to know	*āpe + iya	ñapiya	paññapiyamāna	being taught; lit. being caused to be known