More Primary Derivatives

More Primary Derivatives

In DPD there are more than 150 suffixes of primary derivatives that are used to form more than 14000 nouns, adjectives, substantives and participles.

The first 18 account for 83% of the words formed by kita suffixes, so these are the most important to know.

1	+ ta	2014
2	+ a	1684
3	+ *a	1442
4	+ nta	1395
5	+ ita	1300
6	+ ana	1162
7	+ māna	862
8	+ na	445
9	+ ti	315
10	+ aṇa	265
11	+ ā	246
12	+ aka	217
13	+ ī	182
14	+ anā	166
15	+ *ana	151
16	+ *ī	157
17	+ i	139
18	+ *aka	138

Here are most of kita suffixes in DPD

ta a *a nta ita ana māna na ti aṇa ā aka ī anā *ana *ī i *aka tar u ya ma itar ra ikā *i iya *aṇa tha āna as *anā ū ika ala tta *ā *u ara yā *tta *ta tāvī *ikā tī

*ya *ma ira tu ila iyā thu *as *tu tā uṇa *tar iṇa *itar *ni avī āvī ima mi ura *ika *iya aṇā ga ru thā thi *ita *tti *yā chi ka uma *inī ali ata ina iṇā inī itāvī ṇī rā sa trā uṇā vasu *gha *īna *īya *ṇī akā aḷa anī ari asa aya īka īna ini īya kha nu ri tya uka ula uli ulī una usa vant *aṇi *ant *eyya *inā *iyā *kā *na *uka *ula *uṇa akī aṇi aṇī arā athu gu inā iṇī isa iti ituṃ mā ṇa nāvī ṇha nī ṇu ola oḷi su tyu uḷa umā unā vī

ta

suffix ta is the most common kita suffix. As we saw last week, it is used to form past participles, but also a large group of adjectives and a few neuter nouns and masculine nouns which are derived from the past participle.

pp	1617
adj	158
nt	147
masc	92
total	2014

+ ta masculine nouns

√budh	to wake up	+ ta	buddha	awakened one
√dhur	to be corrupt	+ ta	dhutta	rogue
√dū	to run	+ ta	dūta	messenger
vi ā √rabh	to begin	+ ta	viyārabbha	effort
√saj	to cling	+ ta	visata	attachment
√kudh	to be angry	+ ta	kuddha	angry person
+ ta neuter nouns
nī √as	to throw	+ ta	niratta	rejecting
√chad	to cover	+ ta	chatta	sunshade
√gā	to sing	+ ta	gīta	song
√hu	to offer, sacrifice	+ ta	huta	oblation
√pā	to drink	+ ta	pīta	drink
√tud	to stab	+ ta	tutta	spear
+ ta adjectives
dur √kar	to do	+ ta	dukkaṭa	badly done
su √gam	to go	+ ta	sugata	going well
nir √chā	to be hungry	+ ta	nicchāta	satisfied

a

suffix a is used to form a large group of masculine nouns, masculine agent nouns, adjectives and neuter nouns.

masc	741
adj	664
nt	255
total	1684

+ a masculine nouns

pa √as	to throw	+ a	pāsa	throw
√bham	to turn, spin	+ a	bhama	lathe
√chand	to desire	+ a	chanda	desire
√dīp	to shine	+ a	dīpa	light
√gaṇ	to add	+ a	gaṇa	crowd
ā √jīv	to live	+ a	ājīva	livelihood
√kalah	argue	+ a	kalaha	argument
√kaṇḍ	to break, pierce	+ a	kaṇḍa	arrow
pa √lip	to smear	+ a	palipa	mud, marsh
√magg	to seek	+ a	magga	road
√veṭh	to twist	+ a	veṭha	wrap, band
√ras	to taste	+ a	rasa	flavour
√sapp	to crawl	+ a	sappa	snake
√sar	to make sound	+ a	sara	sound
ā √tap	to burn	+ a	ātapa	sunshine
√thamb	to be stiff	+ a	thamba	pillar
+ a masculine agent nouns
√jan	to be born	+ a	jana	person
√rāj	to rule	+ a	rāja	king, ruler
ā √rakkh	to guard	+ a	ārakkha	guard
√then	to steal	+ a	thena	thief
√vīr	to be heroic	+ a	vīra	hero
√nāth	to protect	+ a	nātha	protector
√pāl	to guard	+ a	pāla	guard
√saṭh	to deceive	+ a	saṭha	cheat

+ a neuter nouns

√bil	to break	+ a	bila	piece
√citt	to design	+ a	citta	painting
√cuṇṇ	to crush	+ a	cuṇṇa	powder
√dhan	to be rich	+ a	dhana	wealth
√gah	to grasp	+ a	gaha	house
√kul	to be close	+ a	kula	family
√mūl	to support	+ a	mūla	root
√pad	to step	+ a	pada	foot
+ a adjectives
√arah	to be worthy	+ a	araha	worthy
ā √bil	to break	+ a	āvila	unclear
√cal	to shake	+ a	cala	unsteady
√dakkh	to be able	+ a	dakkha	skilled
√jar	to age	+ a	jara	old
√kham	to be patient	+ a	khama	patient
√pī	to love	+ a	piya	dear
vi √raj	to colour	+ a	viraja	stainless
√subh	to shine	+ a	subha	beautiful
√thūl	to be heavy	+ a	thūla	gross
ā √tur	to hurt	+ a	ātura	sick, ill

*a

suffix *a forms a large group of masculine nouns, masculine agent nouns, and a few adjectives and neuter nouns

masc	1064
adj	299
nt	75
total	1442

+ *a masculine nouns

√bhid	to break	+ *a	bheda	breaking up
√bhū	to be	+ *a	bhava	existence
√bhuj	to enjoy	+ *a	bhoga	wealth
√div	to shine	+ *a	deva	deity, king
√has	to laugh	+ *a	hāsa	laughter
√kudh	to be angry	+ *a	kodha	anger
√labh	to get	+ *a	lābha	gain, profit
√lubh	to be greedy	+ *a	lobha	greed
√muh	to be confused	+ *a	moha	delusion
√pas	to tie	+ *a	pāsa	snare, trap
pa √pat	to fall	+ *a	papāta	cliff
√phal	to split	+ *a	phāla	ploughshare
√raj	to desire	+ *a	rāga	desire
√rudh	to obstruct	+ *a	rodha	obstacle
√ruj	to hurt	+ *a	roga	disease
ā √sas	to breath	+ *a	assāsa	inhalation
√sī	to sleep	+ *a	āsaya	tendency
√sid	to sweat	+ *a	seda	sweat
√taḷ	to beat	+ *a	tāḷa	music
vi √vic	to separate	+ *a	viveka	solitude
√yaj	to sacrifice	+ *a	yāja	sacrifice, gift
+ *a masculine agent nouns
√mar	to die	+ *a	māra	Death
√yudh	to fight	+ *a	yodha	warrior
ā √ruh	to climb	+ *a	āroha	rider
√kar	to do	+ *a	kāra	smith

+ *a neuter nouns

√an	to breath	+ *a	āna	breathing
pati √bhaṇ	to speak	+ *a	paṭibhāna	eloquence, wit
√bhī	to fear	+ *a	bhaya	fear, terror
√jal	to hide	+ *a	jāla	net
ā √ju	to be fast	+ *a	ājava	rapids, current
√mun	to think	+ *a	mona	silence
saṃ √tan	to stretch	+ *a	santāna	continuity
√tir	to cross	+ *a	tīra	riverbank
√cil	to clothe	+ *a	cela	clothing
√ji	to conquer	+ *a	jaya	victory
+ *a adjectives
√kuṭ	to be crooked	+ *a	kūṭa	false, corrupt
√pac	to cook	+ *a	pāka	cooked
√sis	to remain	+ *a	sesa	remaining
√sit	to be pure	+ *a	seta	white
√bhī	to fear	+ *a	bhaya	dangerous
nir √bhuj	to eat, enjoy	+ *a	nibbhoga	poor
√ghur	to scream	+ *a	ghora	terrible
ni √kam	to desire	+ *a	nikāma	pleasant
upa √kar	to do	+ *a	upakāra	helpful
na √suc	to grieve	+ *a	asoka	sorrow-free
ud √tan	to stretch	+ *a	uttāna	open, evident

nta

suffix nta is used to form the present participle, which we looked at last week. it also forms a tiny group of passive present participles, nouns and adjectives based on the present participle

prp	1378
adj	7
masc	8
total	1395

+ nta masculine nouns

√as	to be	+ nta	santa	virtuous man
anu √yā	to go	+ nta	anuyanta	subordinate

+ nta adjectives

√mah	to increase	+ nta	mahanta	great, large, big
√brah	to increase	+ nta	brahanta	big; huge; large

ita

suffix ita is most often used to form past participles, but is also used to create a handful of adjectives, neuter nouns and a few masculine nouns which are derived from a past participle.

pp	1066
nt	110
adj	105
masc	20
total	1300

+ ita masculine nouns

√tus	to be content	+ ita	tusita	heaven; lit. satisfied
pa √vaj	to go on	+ ita	pabbajita	monk
√dhā	to support	+ ita	hita	friend

+ ita neuter nouns

√bhaṇ	to talk	+ ita	bhaṇita	talk
√bhās	to speak	+ ita	bhāsita	speech
√cal	to shake	+ ita	calita	agitation
√car	to move, walk	+ ita	carita	behaviour
√japp	to mutter, pray	+ ita	jappita	yearning
√khal	to stumble	+ ita	khalita	mistake
√phus	to touch	+ ita	phusita	drop
√ru	to cry, howl	+ ita	ravita	sound, cry
√sup	to sleep	+ ita	supita	sleep
pa √vedh	to fear, shake	+ ita	pavedhita	trembling
+ ita adjectives
dur √car	to act	+ ita	duccarita	bad; immoral
su √bhū	to be	+ ita	subhāvita	well cultivated

ana

suffix ana is used to form a large group of neuter nouns and a few adjectives

nt	1017
adj	118
masc	26
total	1162

+ ana neuter nouns

pa √aj	to go, drive	+ ana	pācana	cattle prod, goad
√as	to throw	+ ana	asana	missile, arrow
√as	to eat	+ ana	asana	food
√ās	to sit	+ ana	āsana	seat
√bandh	to tie	+ ana	bandhana	imprisonment
vi √bhūs	to decorate	+ ana	vibhūsana	adornment
vi √dhaṃs	to destroy	+ ana	viddhaṃsana	destruction
√gam	to go	+ ana	gamana	travel
√vac	to speak	+ ana	vacana	term, expression
√vañc	to deceive	+ ana	vañcana	fraud
√vand	to worship	+ ana	vandana	worship
+ ana adjectives
√jan	to produce	+ ana	janana	creating, causing
upa √vatt	to go on	+ ana	upavattana	nearby
√es	to search	+ ana	esana	seeking, searching
√phand	to shake	+ ana	phandana	trembling, shaking
√vas	to wear	+ ana	vasana	wearing

māna

suffix māna, as we saw on the last class, is used to form the present participle as well as a few nouns and adjectives derived from the present participle.

na

suffix na is used to form a large group of past participles and a few adjectives and masculine and neuter nouns.

pp	352
masc	34
adj	31
nt	28
total	445

We already looked at the past participles last week, can you think of an example?

+ na masculine nouns

√dhov	to wash	+ na	dhona	pure being
√ji	to conquer	+ na	jina	conqueror, victor
√jīr	to grow old	+ na	jiṇṇa	old man
√mad	to be drunk	+ na	manda	fool
pati ud √pad	to go	+ na	paccuppanna	present
√sad	to sink	+ na	pasanna	believer
√var	to cover	+ na	vaṇṇa	colour, beauty, etc
√yaj	to sacrifice	+ na	yañña	sacrifice, offering
+ na neuter nouns
√ad	to eat	+ na	anna	food
pa √hā	to abandon	+ na	pahāna	giving up
+ na adjectives
su √var	to cover	+ na	suvaṇṇa	beautiful
dur √chad	to cover	+ na	ducchanna	poorly-roofed
su √car	to act	+ na	suciṇṇa	well practised

ti

suffix ti is used mostly to form feminine nouns, but there are also a few adjectives and masculine nouns

fem	297
adj	12
masc	6
total	315

+ ti feminine nouns

√budh	to know	+ ti	buddhi	discernment
√cu	to fall	+ ti	cuti	passing away
√dis	to see	+ ti	diṭṭhi	view, belief, opinion
√gam	to go	+ ti	gati	destination, destiny
√gup	to guard	+ ti	gutti	guarding, protecting
√hu	to offer	+ ti	āhuti	oblation, offering
√jan	to be born	+ ti	jāti	birth
ava √kam	to go	+ ti	okkanti	entry, descent
√kham	to endure	+ ti	khanti	patience
vi √muc	to free	+ ti	vimutti	freedom, liberation

aṇa

suffix aṇa is used to form a large group of neuter nouns and a few adjectives and masculine nouns

nt	204
adj	47
masc	13
total	265

+ aṇa neuter nouns

√añj	to smear	+ aṇa	aṅgaṇa	spot, blemish
√bhar	to support	+ aṇa	bharaṇa	support, help
√car	to behave	+ aṇa	caraṇa	behaviour
√gah	to seize	+ aṇa	gahaṇa	grasping
vi ā √kar	to do make	+ aṇa	vyākaraṇa	answer
pa √kar	to do make	+ aṇa	pakaraṇa	affair, event
√lakkh	to mark	+ aṇa	lakkhaṇa	auspicious sign
√mar	to die	+ aṇa	maraṇa	death
√mar	to die	+ aṇa	māraṇa	killing
nī √sar	to flow	+ aṇa	nissaraṇa	escape, exit
ā √var	to block	+ aṇa	āvaraṇa	obstacle, blockage

+ aṇa masculine nouns

vi √cakkh	to see	+ aṇa	vicakkhaṇa	intelligent person
ava √har	to take	+ aṇa	avaharaṇa	one who stealing

+ aṇa adjectives

na √añj	to smear	+ aṇa	anaṅgaṇa	spotless
vi √cakkh	to see	+ aṇa	vicakkhaṇa	watchful, wise
√kar	to do	+ aṇa	karaṇa	helpful, useful
√kap	to take pity	+ aṇa	kapaṇa	poor, wretched
ā √var	to block	+ aṇa	āvaraṇa	obstructed, blocked

ā

suffix ā is only used to form feminine nouns, many of them abstract feminine nouns

fem	246

+ ā feminine nouns

√day	to take pity	+ ā	dayā	compassion
√dis	to point out	+ ā	disā	direction
√jaṭ	to twist	+ ā	jaṭā	dreadlocks
√kath	to speak	+ ā	kathā	talk
√sikkh	to train	+ ā	sikkhā	training; practice
√kamp	to shake	+ ā	kampā	tremor
ā √bhā	to shine	+ ā	ābhā	light, radiance
√bhās	to speak	+ ā	bhāsā	speech, language
vi √bhūs	to decorate	+ ā	vibhūsā	decoration
abhi √jhā	to think	+ ā	abhijjhā	covetousness

aka

suffix aka is used to form a large group of masculine agent nouns and a few adjectives and neuter nouns

masc	111
adj	88
nt	18
total	217

+ aka masculine agent nouns

upa √ās	to sit	+ aka	upāsaka	disciple
√bhikkh	to beg	+ aka	bhikkhaka	beggar
√dā	to give	+ aka	dāyaka	donor
√kass	to drag	+ aka	kassaka	farmer
√nhā	to bath	+ aka	nhāpaka	bathman
√pāl	to protect	+ aka	pālaka	guard
√pucch	to question	+ aka	pucchaka	questioner
√raj	to dye	+ aka	rajaka	dyer, painter
√vadh	to kill	+ aka	vadhaka	murderer
+ aka neuter nouns
√kan	to shine	+ aka	kanaka	gold
√kat	to cut	+ aka	kaṇṭaka	thorn
√ud	to be wet	+ aka	udaka	water

+ aka adjectives

vi √sajj	to let loose	+ aka	vissajjaka	distributing
vi √dis	to see	+ aka	vipassaka	insightful

ī

suffix ī (Sanskrit -in) is used to form possessive adjectives which are often used as masculine agent nouns, as well as some feminine nouns

adj	140
masc	24
fem	18
total	182

+ ī masculine agent nouns

√jhā	to meditate	+ ī	jhāyī	meditator
√sukh	to please	+ ī	sukhī	happy one
√gaves	to seek	+ ī	gavesī	seeker
√dus	to be corrupt	+ ī	dūsī	corrupter
+ ī feminine nouns
√hir	to be ashamed	+ ī	hirī	sense of shame
√kas	to drag, plough	+ ī	kasī	ploughing, farming
√nad	to roar	+ ī	nadī	river
√piṇḍ	to collect	+ ī	piṇḍī	bunch
√tand	to be slow	+ ī	tandī	laziness
√vac	to speak	+ ī	vacī	speech, words

+ ī adjectives

apa √cāy	to honour	+ ī	apacāyī	honouring
√dhaṃs	to fall	+ ī	dhaṃsī	corrupt, fallen
√jīv	to live	+ ī	jīvī	living
anu √kamp	to shake	+ ī	anukampī	compassionate
pa √khand	to jump	+ ī	pakkhandī	bold, audacious
saṃ √ñā	to know	+ ī	saññī	percipient
√vac	to speak	+ ī	vacī	verbal

anā

+ anā abstract feminine nouns

√gaṇ	to add	+ anā	gaṇanā	calculation
√iñj	to move	+ anā	iñjanā	movement
√lap	to chat	+ anā	lapanā	chattering
√pūj	to worship	+ anā	pūjanā	veneration
√sev	to associate	+ anā	sevanā	association
ā √rādh	to succeed	+ anā	ārādhanā	accomplishment
ati √yāc	to beg	+ anā	atiyācanā	asking too much
pa √atth	to wish	+ anā	patthanā	aspiration
√ar	to move, attain	+ anā	appanā	absorption
pa √atth	to wish for	+ anā	patthanā	intention, wish

*ana

suffix *ana is used to form a large group of neuter nouns and a few adjectives

nt	120
adj	25
masc	6
total	151

+ *ana neuter nouns

√bhid	to break	+ *ana	bhedana	breakage
√chid	to cut	+ *ana	chedana	stabbing, cutting
√i	to come	+ *ana	ayana	way
√pus	to nourish	+ *ana	posana	taking care of
√sī	to sleep	+ *ana	sayana	bed, couch
√vis	to enter	+ *ana	nivesana	house, home
+ *ana adjectives
sa √bhuj	to eat, enjoy	+ *ana	sabhojana	with food
na √cit	to think	+ *ana	acetana	unconscious
parā √i	to go	+ *ana	parāyana	destined for
√ju	to be fast	+ *ana	javana	speedy, quick
√kudh	to be angry	+ *ana	kodhana	angry
√subh	to shine	+ *ana	sobhana	radiant, shining
abhi √vah	to carry	+ *ana	adhivāhana	carrying
na ni √vis	to enter	+ *ana	anivesana	without attachment

*ī

suffix *ī is used to form a large group of adjectives and some masculine agent nouns

adj	143
masc	9
fem	5
total	146

+ *ī agent nouns

√bhaj	to divide	+ *ī	bhāgī	shareholder
√kar	to do	+ *ī	kārī	doer, maker, agent
√vad	to speak	+ *ī	vādī	speaker; adherent
√yuj	to join	+ *ī	yogī	meditator
+ *ī adjectives
√bhaṇ	to speak	+ *ī	bhāṇī	speaking
√car	to act	+ *ī	cārī	living, behaving
√gah	to grasp	+ *ī	gāhī	grabbing, grasping
√kar	to do	+ *ī	kārī	doing, making
ati √man	to think	+ *ī	atimānī	being conceited
ni √pat	to fall	+ *ī	nipātī	falling, landing
√pus	to nourish	+ *ī	posī	taking care of
√sī	to sleep	+ *ī	sāyī	sleeping
√taḷ	to beat	+ *ī	tāḷī	striking, hitting

i

suffix i is used to forming a large group of feminine and masculine nouns and a few adjectives and neuter nouns

fem	60
masc	47
adj	19
nt	10
total	139

+ i masculine nouns

upa √ādā	to take	+ i	upādi	fuel, clinging
√atth	to wish	+ i	atthi	seeker
ni √dhā	to place	+ i	nidhi	treasure
saṃ √dhā	to place	+ i	sandhi	sandhi; conjunction
pa ni √dhā	to support	+ i	paṇidhi	prayer, aspiration
upa √dhā	to support	+ i	upadhi	foundation
vi ā √dhā	to support	+ i	byādhi	disease
na √suc	to be pure	+ i	asuci	filth
√jhā	to think	+ i	jhāyi	meditator
+ i feminine nouns
√acc	to shine	+ i	acci	flame
√ganth	to tie	+ i	gaṇṭhi	knot
√hir	to be ashamed	+ i	hiri	sense of shame
√kas	to drag	+ i	kasi	farming
√kas	to plough	+ i	kasi	farming
√kitt	to make known	+ i	kitti	fame
√kuṭ	to be bent	+ i	kuṭi	hut
√nand	to be happy	+ i	nandi	joy

+ i neuter nouns (rare)

√akkh	to see	+ i	akkhi	eye
√dhe	to drink	+ i	dadhi	curd
√suc	to be pure	+ i	suci	good thing

+ i adjectives

√suc	to be pure	+ i	suci	pure
sa √akkh	to see	+ i	sakkhi	personally experiencing
nir upa √dhā	to support	+ i	nirupadhi	without attachment
na √suc	to be pure	+ i	asuci	impure

*aka

masc	86
adj	44
nt	8
total	138

+ *aka masculine agent nouns

√cud	to accuse	+ *aka	codaka	accuser
√gah	to hold	+ *aka	gāhaka	carrier
√kar	to do	+ *aka	kāraka	doer, maker
√nī	to lead	+ *aka	nāyaka	leader
√pu	to purify	+ *aka	pāvaka	fire; lut. purifier
√su	to hear	+ *aka	sāvaka	disciple; lit. hearer
√vad	to speak	+ *aka	vādaka	speaker
ni √gah	to seize	+ *aka	niggāhaka	oppressor
pari √vaj	to go on	+ *aka	paribbājaka	wanderer
+ *aka adjectives
√dhar	to carry	+ *aka	dhāraka	remembering
√dus	to corrupt	+ *aka	dūsaka	corrupting
√har	to carry	+ *aka	hāraka	carrying
√pu	to cleanse	+ *aka	pāvaka	bright, shining